Intolerance to Corruption

                                                                       
The level of information available over the internet and through social media is contributing to people being increasingly intolerant of corruption.


Forms of corruption
 bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities.


Effects on politics, administration, and institutions 

 

Corruption poses a serious development challenge. In the political realm, it undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in legislative bodies reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.



The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually.A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

 

                                                          
Economic effects

 

In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials, and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

Corruption also generates economic distortions in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.

                                                                


Environmental and social effects

 
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. However, political exploitation of these funds have been noted to occur in the past, especially in the sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages, were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.

Instead, they were expended through “counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees”. Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but this cash is given to the wrong hands, which leads to political and governmental corruption that takes away medical attention necessary for the citizens of these regions, and rather, used for personal gain.



                                                                    

Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. Corrupt countries may formally have legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.
While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur. Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good.

 In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials.Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.

                                                                   
                                                                     
                                                              


Effects on Humanitarian Aid

The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk.Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favour certain groups or individuals. Elsewhere, in construction and shelter, there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material.

Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favours. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

                                                                 


Other areas: health, public safety, education, trade unions, etc.

 

Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless.

These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.
Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).
Cases exist against members of various types of non-profit and non-government organisations, as well as religious organisations.

                                                                        



Sectors of corruption

Government/Public Sector
Legislative System (Political)
Executive System (Police)
Judiciary System
Corporate
Unions
Non-Government Organisations

                                                                    
 Methods of corruption

Extortion and Blackmail
Bribery
Embezzlement, Theft and Fraud

Favouritism, Nepotism and Clientelism
 
Favouritism, Nepotism and Clientelism involve the favouring of not the perpetrator of corruption but someone related to them, such as a friend, family member or member of an association. Examples would include hiring a family member to a role they are not qualified for, or promoting a staff member who happens to belong to the same political party as you, regardless of merit.



                                                               

Abuse of Discretion

 

Abuse of discretion refers to the misuse of one's powers and decision making facilities. Examples include a judge improperly dismissing a criminal case, or a customs official using their discretion to allow a banned substance through a port.

 Improper Political Contributions
 
This is the use of contributions to political parties not because one favours their policies but in order to secure illicit power. An example would be tobacco or alcohol companies funding major political parties as a means of influencing the policing of their industry.
It is difficult at times to differentiate between proper and improper use of political contributions.


Conduct Creating or Exploiting Conflicting Interests "Legality"

Though corruption is often viewed as illegal, there is an evolving concept of legal corruption^[10][11], as developed by Daniel Kaufmann and Pedro Vicente. It might be termed as processes which are legal (that is, specifically permitted, or at least not proscribed by law), but which are aimed at private gain (or the gain of narrow self interests) rather than benefitting all.

Philosophy

Frequently in philosophical discussions, corruption takes the form of contrasting a pure spiritual form with a corrupted manifestation in the physical world. Many philosophers, in fact, have regarded the physical world as inevitably corrupt. corruption is the process of ceasing to exist and is closely related to the concept of dying given certain views about the nature of living things. In a moral sense, corruption generally refers to decadence or hedonism.
                           
                                                                     
                                                                             

Frank Vogl,  his book Waging War on Corruption, said the financial crisis in the West has also contributed to increasing intolerance of corruption.

People in the West now understand corruption can affect their lives and “wreck” the level of economic opportunity society can offer them.


He said corruption played a key role in the creation of the financial crisis.

 He cited the role played by US company Countrywide Financial Corporation, which gave out 100 per cent mortgages at low initial interest rates to people often not in a position to repay them. The mortgages were “securitised” by banks who sold them to pension funds “that didn’t know what they were buying”.

He said there was a widespread belief among the general public that the financial sector was in “cahoots” with the political sector and that society is now paying the price.


If the public in the west are just recognising their crisis with reason so does that mean the third world countries will take another 100 years later to identity theirs.

This is the civilised world we live in were slowly our privledges are being minimised by the day and we face endless corruption by the governments for the price only we innocent oblivious civilians always have to pay. we are made target to paying the banks and governments and still live in chaos of livelihood.